Lung Cancer, non small lung cancer (NSCLC)
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1Summary
Lung cancer is the third most frequent malignancy in women and the second most frequent malignancy in men. The median age at diagnosis is between 68 and 70 years. Major risk factor is smoking.
Screening of asymptomatic high-risk persons via low-dose computer tomography (LDCT) can identify lung cancer in early stages. It reduces cancer-specific and overall mortality, especially in women.
Treatment of patients with lung cancer is paradigmatic for modern oncology. NSCLC can now be subdivided in more than a dozen biological entities with individual treatment concepts. Prognosis of patients is determined by stage, histology, immunohistochemistry, sex, ECOG status and comorbidity.
Treatment options include surgery, radiation and systemic treatment, often combined in multimodal concepts. Treatment in early stages and in some patients with advanced stage is curative. For patients in stage IIIB/IV the integration of immune checkpoint and of kinase inhibitors has significantly improved their prognosis.
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6Therapy
6.1Therapeutic algorithm
6.1.1Primary therapy
Primary therapy is based on the criteria of the 8th lung cancer TNM classification and clinical staging system, see Figure 1.
6.1.2Systemic therapy in advanced stages
Recommendations are based on predictive, histological, immunohistochemical and genetic markers, see Figure 2.
6.1.2.1Molecular genetic stratification of therapy
This chapter contains recommendations for targeted first- and second-line treatment, see Figure 3.
6.1.2.2No molecular genetic stratification of therapy
The majority of patients with NSCLC does not have predictive markers for molecular stratified therapy. Immunochemotherapy has become the standard of care in the first line treatment of these patients, see Figure 4.
6.2Facts and Appraisal
6.2.1Adjuvant therapy
6.2.1.1Adjuvant chemotherapy
6.2.1.2Adjuvant immunotherapy
6.2.1.2.1Durvalumab, Stage III, after radiochemotherapy
Data are summarized in Figure 7.
6.2.2Advanced stages
6.2.2.1Molecular genetic stratification
6.2.2.1.1ALK inhibitors
6.2.2.1.2BRAF inhibitors, first and second line
6.2.2.1.3EGFR inhibitors
Data are summarized in Figure 23.
6.2.2.1.4ROS1 inhibitors
Data are summarized in Figure 24.
Other kinase inhibitors like ceritinib, cabozantinib, entrectinib and lorlatinib show effectivity in ROS-1 translocated NSCLC, but are not approved in the EU.
6.2.2.2No molecular genetic stratification
6.2.2.2.1Chemotherapy
Data on docetaxel are summarized in Figure 28.
6.2.2.2.2Immunotherapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are approved as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy.
Data are summarized in Figure 29.
6.2.2.2.3Others
Data are summarized in Figure 37.
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15Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
according to the rules of the responsible Medical Societies.
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